{"id":1192,"date":"2025-12-08T15:53:23","date_gmt":"2025-12-08T13:53:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/?page_id=1192"},"modified":"2026-03-06T13:33:16","modified_gmt":"2026-03-06T11:33:16","slug":"tracheoesophageal-fistulas","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/","title":{"rendered":"Tracheoesophageal Fistulas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_739921266\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n  <div id=\"page-header-1176295434\" class=\"page-header-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"page-title dark simple-title\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"page-title-inner container align-center text-center flex-row-col medium-flex-wrap\" >\n              <div class=\"title-wrapper is-larger flex-col\">\n          <h1 class=\"entry-title mb-0\">\n            Tracheoesophageal Fistulas          <\/h1>\n        <\/div>\n                    <div class=\"title-content flex-col\">\n        <div class=\"title-breadcrumbs pb-half pt-half\"><\/div>      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n       <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  \n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_739921266 {\n  padding-top: 15px;\n  padding-bottom: 15px;\n  background-color: #3c338e;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_488428093\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1284312089\">\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1265298644\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n<p>Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF) are a condition in which an abnormal connection forms between the esophagus and the trachea. It is usually congenital and causes serious respiratory and feeding problems during the neonatal period. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention are of vital importance.<\/p>\n<p>The question of how tracheoesophageal fistula is recognized is decisive in diagnosis. In newborns, coughing during feeding, cyanosis, increased salivation, and recurrent lung infections are typical. Radiological examination performed with contrast material administered orally confirms the diagnosis.<\/p>\n<p>The question of why TEF occurs is related to embryological developmental disorders. This abnormal connection forms as a result of the failure of the esophagus and trachea to separate. It is frequently seen together with esophageal atresia and may also be associated with certain genetic syndromes.<\/p>\n<p>The question of how tracheoesophageal fistula is treated brings the surgical approach to the agenda. With surgery performed shortly after birth, the fistula is closed and the continuity of the esophagus is ensured. In the postoperative period, nutritional support, infection control, and long-term follow-up are required.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Things You Need to Know<\/td>\n<td>Information<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Definition<\/td>\n<td>Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is the condition in which an abnormal connection forms between the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (food pipe). It may be congenital or acquired. The most common congenital form is seen in newborns and is often associated with esophageal atresia.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Classification<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Congenital: Most common type C (proximal esophageal atresia + distal tracheoesophageal fistula)- Acquired: May develop due to trauma, surgical complication, malignancy, prolonged intubation, or infections<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Incidence<\/td>\n<td>Congenital TEF occurs in approximately 1 out of every 3,000\u20134,000 live births. Acquired forms are rare and generally occur in adults.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Symptoms of Congenital TEF<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Feeding difficulty shortly after birth- Foamy saliva from the mouth- Coughing, cyanosis (bluish discoloration)- Aspiration during feeding- Excessive abdominal gas (if distal fistula is present)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Symptoms of Acquired TEF<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Persistent cough- Cough during swallowing (Ono symptom)- Recurrent pneumonia and lung infections- Food coming from the mouth together with sputum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Diagnosis \u2013 In Newborns<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Inability to advance the feeding tube into the stomach- On plain radiography the tube coils in the esophagus, the type is determined according to the presence of gastric gas- Contrast esophagography may be required<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Diagnosis \u2013 In Adults<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Thoracic CT- Esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy (the location and size of the fistula are determined)- Leakage into the trachea observed during swallowing test<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Associated Anomalies<\/td>\n<td>May occur within the scope of VACTERL syndrome:- Vertebral- Anal- Cardiac- Tracheoesophageal- Renal- Extremity anomalies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Treatment \u2013 Congenital TEF<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Emergency surgical correction: End-to-end anastomosis of the esophagus and closure of the fistula- Feeding is stopped before surgery to prevent aspiration risk and continuous suction may be applied<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Treatment \u2013 Acquired TEF<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Surgical repair: Preferred in suitable patients- Stent placement: For palliative purposes in fistulas caused by malignancy- Nutritional support: Via nasogastric or gastrostomy route- Infection treatment (antibiotics due to high pneumonia risk)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Complications<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Aspiration pneumonia- Respiratory distress- Anastomotic leakage (after surgery)- Esophageal stricture- Gastroesophageal reflux<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Prognosis<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Survival after surgery in congenital TEF is high- Prognosis in adult TEF depends on the underlying cause- Prognosis is generally poor in fistulas related to malignancy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Monitoring and Follow-up<\/td>\n<td>&#8211; Regular monitoring for esophageal stricture after surgery- Follow-up of developmental and nutritional status- Monitoring of respiratory tract complications<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-1265298644 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -40px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_488428093 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_2142063503\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1554920812\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-667363913\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\" style=\"background-color:#3c338e;\" >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-856292733\">\n\n\n\t<div id=\"col-398345954\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner dark\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1021234314\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"525\" height=\"776\" src=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/hakkimdagorsel.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/hakkimdagorsel.webp 525w, https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/hakkimdagorsel-271x400.webp 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1021234314 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-398345954 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -20px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1111004981\" class=\"col medium-8 small-12 large-8\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner dark\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t<div id=\"text-683448939\" class=\"text\">\n\t\t\n\n<div>Prof. Dr. <strong>Alper F\u0131nd\u0131k\u00e7\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#text-683448939 {\n  font-size: 2rem;\n}\n@media (min-width:550px) {\n  #text-683448939 {\n    font-size: 2.25rem;\n  }\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"gap-1706051071\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1706051071 {\n  padding-top: 20px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n<p>I was born in Istanbul in 1973. I completed my primary education at Erzincan \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc Primary School and my secondary and high school education at Erzurum Anatolian High School. I completed my university education at Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine between 1992\u20131998. Afterwards, I completed my specialization between 1998\u20132003 at the Istanbul Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Clinic. I worked as a specialist at the same hospital for 1 year.<\/p>\n<p>Between 2004\u20132005, I fulfilled my military service at G\u00fclhane Military Medical Academy. In 2005, I started working as a lecturer at Ba\u015fkent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Thoracic Surgery. I became an associate professor in 2014 and a professor in 2022.<\/p>\n<p><strong>I started working at Ac\u0131badem Hospital in 2024.<\/strong><\/p>\n<a href=\"\/en\/about-me\/\" class=\"button white is-outline\" style=\"border-radius:99px;\">\n\t\t<span>About Me<\/span>\n\t<\/a>\n\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send\/?phone=905457705745\" class=\"button success\" style=\"border-radius:99px;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t<span>WhatsApp<\/span>\n\t<i class=\"icon-whatsapp\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/a>\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-1111004981 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -20px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-667363913 > .col-inner {\n  padding: 30px 20px 0px 20px;\n  margin: 0px 0px -30px 0px;\n  border-radius: 20px;\n}\n@media (min-width:550px) {\n  #col-667363913 > .col-inner {\n    padding: 30px 30px 0px 30px;\n  }\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_2142063503 {\n  padding-top: 0px;\n  padding-bottom: 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_623472795\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-386101478\">\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1756453331\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #ffffff;color:#ffffff\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#What_Are_Tracheoesophageal_Fistulas\" >What Are Tracheoesophageal Fistulas?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#Which_Symptoms_in_Patients_Raise_Suspicion_of_Tracheoesophageal_Fistula\" >Which Symptoms in Patients Raise Suspicion of Tracheoesophageal Fistula?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#Which_Imaging_Methods_Are_Used_in_the_Diagnostic_Process\" >Which Imaging Methods Are Used in the Diagnostic Process?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#Why_Is_the_Preoperative_Preparation_Process_So_Critical\" >Why Is the Preoperative Preparation Process So Critical?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#What_Is_the_Treatment_Approach_in_Cancer-Related_Fistulas\" >What Is the Treatment Approach in Cancer-Related Fistulas?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#How_Is_Surgical_Treatment_Performed_in_Benign_Fistulas\" >How Is Surgical Treatment Performed in Benign Fistulas?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#Why_Are_Endoscopic_Methods_Not_Preferred_in_Recurrent_Fistulas\" >Why Are Endoscopic Methods Not Preferred in Recurrent Fistulas?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#What_Are_the_Postoperative_Recovery_Process_and_Complications\" >What Are the Postoperative Recovery Process and Complications?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/treatments\/tracheoesophageal-fistulas\/#Frequently_Asked_Questions\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_Tracheoesophageal_Fistulas\"><\/span>What Are Tracheoesophageal Fistulas?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Tracheoesophageal fistulas are a condition in which an abnormal connection exists between the trachea and the esophagus. They may occur congenitally or may develop due to trauma, infection, or malignancy. While they are noticed in newborns with coughing and cyanosis during feeding, they may lead to aspiration and recurrent lung infections in adults. Diagnosis is made through imaging and endoscopic methods. Treatment usually requires surgical repair.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Which_Symptoms_in_Patients_Raise_Suspicion_of_Tracheoesophageal_Fistula\"><\/span>Which Symptoms in Patients Raise Suspicion of Tracheoesophageal Fistula?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Careful observation is required to understand that a fistula has developed in a patient. Especially in patients with a history of intensive care or undergoing cancer treatment, some sudden changes that occur are considered warning signs for us. The most typical symptom is the choking sensation that occurs when liquid foods are consumed. While solid foods may sometimes pass without problems, liquids can leak much more easily through this thin channel into the lungs and trigger severe coughing attacks.<\/p>\n<p>The symptoms frequently encountered in clinical practice are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Coughing attack during swallowing<\/li>\n<li>Recurrent lung infections<\/li>\n<li>Persistent fever<\/li>\n<li>Increase in the amount of sputum<\/li>\n<li>Shortness of breath<\/li>\n<li>Weight loss<\/li>\n<li>Feeding difficulty<\/li>\n<li>Chest pain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If the patient has a hole in the throat (tracheostomy) and is connected to a ventilator, a much more specific finding may occur. As a result of gas in the stomach passing from the esophagus to the trachea, abdominal distension may occur in the patient, or conversely, the air pushed by the ventilator may fill the stomach and cause serious gas problems. This situation not only disrupts comfort but may also deepen respiratory failure.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Which_Imaging_Methods_Are_Used_in_the_Diagnostic_Process\"><\/span>Which Imaging Methods Are Used in the Diagnostic Process?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Diagnostic procedures should be initiated without delay in every patient with suspicion. Because as the diagnosis is delayed, the damage in the lungs may reach irreversible levels. In the diagnostic process, radiological imaging and endoscopic examination are two main complementary components.<\/p>\n<p>In the first stage, contrast esophageal imaging (esophagography) is usually preferred. The patient drinks a special liquid visible on X-ray and the descent of this liquid through the esophagus is observed in real time. If there is a fistula, the leakage of this liquid into the trachea can be clearly visualized. This method is quite fast and effective for mapping the location and size of the fistula.<\/p>\n<p>Computed Tomography (CT) provides a more detailed anatomical map. The relationship of the fistula with surrounding vessels, the extent of infection in the lungs, and if present the size of a tumor are evaluated by tomography. This is vital information for surgical planning.<\/p>\n<p>However, the most critical stage for definitive diagnosis and treatment planning is endoscopic evaluation. With bronchoscopy (tracheal camera) and esophagoscopy (esophageal camera), the fistula tract is directly visualized. During bronchoscopy, the existing intubation tube or tracheostomy cannula is carefully moved to search for the fistula opening. Esophagoscopy not only allows us to see the opening but also enables us to evaluate the overall health of the esophagus, tissue quality, and flexibility. This information guides the surgeon when deciding which surgical technique will be applied.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-1756453331 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -40px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_623472795 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_258061053\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1549156551\">\r\n\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-515272190\" class=\"col iletisim-sayfas\u0131-col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"is-border\"\n\t\tstyle=\"border-color:rgb(218, 61, 96);border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row align-middle\"  id=\"row-940374853\">\r\n\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1773941093\" class=\"col medium-11 small-7 large-11\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t<div id=\"text-3632799521\" class=\"text hide-for-medium\">\n\t\t\r\n\r\n<p><strong>You can contact us via WhatsApp.<\/strong><br \/>To get information about treatments, simply click the button next to it. Our professional team will contact you immediately.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\t<div id=\"text-3844566210\" class=\"text show-for-small\">\n\t\t\r\n\r\n<p><strong>You can contact us via WhatsApp.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-1773941093 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -30px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-470425886\" class=\"col medium-1 small-4 large-1\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner text-right\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1703220073\">\n\t\t<a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send\/?phone=905457705745\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/whatsapp.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/whatsapp.png 500w, https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/whatsapp-400x400.png 400w, https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/whatsapp-280x280.png 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1703220073 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-470425886 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -15px 0px;\n}\n@media (min-width:550px) {\n  #col-470425886 > .col-inner {\n    margin: 0px 0px -15px 0px;\n  }\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-515272190 > .col-inner {\n  padding: 15px 10px 0px 10px;\n  margin: 0px 0px -30px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_258061053 {\n  padding-top: 0px;\n  padding-bottom: 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_1929289281\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1293319823\">\n\n\t<div id=\"col-165105370\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Is_the_Preoperative_Preparation_Process_So_Critical\"><\/span>Why Is the Preoperative Preparation Process So Critical?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Taking a patient diagnosed with a fistula immediately into surgery is usually a major mistake. This is because these patients are generally malnourished for a long time, have weakened immune systems, and their lungs are under serious infection. Surgery performed under such conditions has a lower success rate and an increased risk of complications. Therefore, a careful and meticulous \u201cstabilization\u201d process must be applied before surgery.<\/p>\n<p>The main goals of this process are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Control of lung infection<\/li>\n<li>Ensuring adequate nutrition<\/li>\n<li>Prevention of aspiration<\/li>\n<li>Respiratory support<\/li>\n<li>Improvement of the general condition<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Strong antibiotics are started according to culture results for infection control. However, even more important is stopping the continuous leakage into the lungs. Therefore oral feeding of the patient is completely stopped. To provide nutrition, a tube is placed directly into the stomach (gastrostomy) or small intestine (jejunostomy). In this way the patient becomes stronger during the period until surgery and body resistance increases. In addition, removing the nasogastric tube extending from the nose to the stomach is also important for recovery. Because this tube may cause irritation in the fistula area and lead to enlargement of the opening. Removing the tube and suppressing stomach acid are critical for preparing tissues for surgery.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_the_Treatment_Approach_in_Cancer-Related_Fistulas\"><\/span>What Is the Treatment Approach in Cancer-Related Fistulas?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>If the underlying cause of the fistula is esophageal or lung cancer, the treatment strategy changes completely. In these patients the cancer is usually at an advanced stage and tissue quality is too poor to hold surgical sutures. Therefore in cancer-related fistulas the aim is not \u201ccurative\u201d treatment but rather \u201cpalliative\u201d approaches that relieve symptoms.<\/p>\n<p>The goal is to ensure that the patient spends the remaining life comfortably, eliminate the choking sensation, and make oral feeding possible. For this purpose the most commonly used method is stent placement. Self-expanding metal stents placed in the esophagus or trachea close the fistula opening from inside and function like a patch.<\/p>\n<p>The advantages of stent placement are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rapid application<\/li>\n<li>Immediate symptom control<\/li>\n<li>No surgical risk<\/li>\n<li>Short hospital stay<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>After stent placement, patients generally become able to consume liquids and soft foods comfortably. However stents may also carry risks such as displacement over time or obstruction due to tumor growth. Therefore these patients must be followed regularly. Avoiding major surgical interventions in cancer patients is the most appropriate approach to preserve quality of life.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Is_Surgical_Treatment_Performed_in_Benign_Fistulas\"><\/span>How Is Surgical Treatment Performed in Benign Fistulas?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>In fistulas that develop after intensive care, trauma, or other benign causes, our goal is definitive and permanent treatment. In these patients surgical repair is accepted as the \u201cgold standard.\u201d The aim of the operation is not only to close the hole but also to completely separate the trachea and esophagus and reestablish normal anatomy.<\/p>\n<p>The surgical technique is one of the most delicate procedures in thoracic surgery. Both organs are reached through an incision made in the neck region. After the fistula tract is identified, the trachea and esophagus are carefully separated from each other. The openings in both organs are repaired separately with sutures suitable for the tissue structure. However the real key step determining the success of the operation comes after this stage.<\/p>\n<p>If only the holes are sutured and the organs are left side by side, the suture lines come into contact with each other. Due to inflammation or infection during the healing process, the risk of these sutures opening and the fistula recurring becomes very high. To eliminate this risk, the technique called \u201cFlap Interposition\u201d is applied. In this technique a piece of healthy, living, well-vascularized tissue from that region of the body (usually neck muscles or pleura) is prepared.<\/p>\n<p>The functions of this living tissue patch are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Separating the suture lines from each other<\/li>\n<li>Providing sealing<\/li>\n<li>Bringing fresh blood to the region<\/li>\n<li>Creating an infection barrier<\/li>\n<li>Accelerating tissue healing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Flap interposition is the most effective method minimizing the risk of recurrence. Thanks to this technique, even the most challenging and large fistulas can be successfully closed. During surgery, the integrity of the esophagus is preserved so that the patient can regain normal swallowing function in the future.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-165105370 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -40px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_1929289281 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_2135824373\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-417225382\">\r\n\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-783932727\" class=\"col iletisim-sayfas\u0131-col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"is-border\"\n\t\tstyle=\"border-color:rgb(60, 51, 142);border-width:2px 2px 2px 2px;\">\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row align-middle\"  id=\"row-1902651543\">\r\n\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-400127135\" class=\"col medium-11 small-7 large-11\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t<div id=\"text-1118422024\" class=\"text hide-for-medium\">\n\t\t\r\n\r\n<p><strong>You can contact us via WhatsApp.<\/strong><br \/>To get information about treatments, simply click the button next to it. Our professional team will contact you immediately.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\t<div id=\"text-2566346395\" class=\"text show-for-small\">\n\t\t\r\n\r\n<p><strong>You can contact us via WhatsApp.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-400127135 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -30px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-387297371\" class=\"col medium-1 small-4 large-1\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner text-right\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_579920657\">\n\t\t<a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send\/?phone=905457705745\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/whatsapp.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/whatsapp.png 500w, https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/whatsapp-400x400.png 400w, https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/whatsapp-280x280.png 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\t\t\n<style>\n#image_579920657 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-387297371 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -15px 0px;\n}\n@media (min-width:550px) {\n  #col-387297371 > .col-inner {\n    margin: 0px 0px -15px 0px;\n  }\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-783932727 > .col-inner {\n  padding: 15px 10px 0px 10px;\n  margin: 0px 0px -30px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_2135824373 {\n  padding-top: 0px;\n  padding-bottom: 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t<section class=\"section\" id=\"section_1391713391\">\n\t\t<div class=\"section-bg fill\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"section-content relative\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1079075954\">\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1018117431\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Are_Endoscopic_Methods_Not_Preferred_in_Recurrent_Fistulas\"><\/span>Why Are Endoscopic Methods Not Preferred in Recurrent Fistulas?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Sometimes recurrence may occur after the first surgery or in small fistulas expected to close spontaneously. Recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula (rTEF) is one of the most difficult conditions to manage because adhesions and scar tissue from previous procedures have formed in the area.<\/p>\n<p>At this point patients and sometimes physicians may turn to endoscopic methods thought to be less invasive. The idea of applying tissue adhesives (fibrin glue), clips, or cauterizing agents endoscopically to the fistula opening may seem attractive. However medical literature and clinical experience show that the success rate of these methods is quite low.<\/p>\n<p>The reasons for the failure of endoscopic methods are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Insufficient tissue support<\/li>\n<li>High-pressure airflow<\/li>\n<li>Constantly moving region<\/li>\n<li>Presence of chronic infection<\/li>\n<li>Impaired tissue healing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Especially in clinical series in T\u00fcrkiye, it has been observed that almost all endoscopic adhesive procedures attempted in recurrent fistulas have resulted in failure. Although adhesives function as a temporary plug, the fistula reopens with coughing or swallowing pressure because the underlying tissue does not heal.<\/p>\n<p>Therefore the correct approach even in recurrent cases is surgery. Although entering a previously operated area is difficult, permanent success can be achieved with a second repair performed by experienced hands and with strong flap support. In recurrent cases surgery is the only realistic option that can save the patient\u2019s life.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_the_Postoperative_Recovery_Process_and_Complications\"><\/span>What Are the Postoperative Recovery Process and Complications?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>A successful surgical repair is only the beginning of the recovery process. Close follow-up of the patient in the postoperative period is the most important factor reinforcing the success of surgery. The patient is usually monitored in the intensive care unit and respiratory support is gradually reduced in a controlled manner.<\/p>\n<p>The complication most feared in the early period is leakage from the suture line (anastomotic leakage). To check this, a contrast study is usually performed again a few days after surgery or an endoscopic control is carried out. If there is no leakage, the patient is gradually allowed to drink water. The absence of coughing during water intake is the first clinical proof of surgical success.<\/p>\n<p>In the late period the following conditions may be encountered:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Esophageal stricture<\/li>\n<li>Difficulty swallowing<\/li>\n<li>Gastroesophageal reflux<\/li>\n<li>Hoarseness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If stricture develops, the problem can usually be solved with endoscopic balloon dilation procedures without the need for another operation. Reflux complaints are generally controlled with dietary adjustments and medication treatments.<\/p>\n<p>Patients should remain under long-term follow-up even after discharge. Improvement in nutritional status, regaining weight, and increase in lung capacity may take months. However permanent closure of the fistula provides a dramatic improvement in the patient\u2019s quality of life. For a patient who struggles with constant coughing, cannot eat, and lives with the risk of infection, being able to breathe comfortably and eat favorite foods after surgery is the greatest reward of this difficult treatment process.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment of tracheoesophageal fistula is a long journey requiring patience for the patient, relatives, and the healthcare team. However thanks to modern surgical techniques, especially flap applications and multidisciplinary approaches, this frightening condition is no longer hopeless. Interventions performed at the right time, in the right center, and with the right technique are the strongest key to restoring patients to their previous healthy lives. It should not be forgotten that each case is unique and the treatment plan should be shaped individually according to the patient\u2019s general condition, the cause of the fistula, and anatomical characteristics.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frequently_Asked_Questions\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"accordion\">\n\t<div id=\"accordion-1431463256\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-1431463256-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-how-does-tracheoesophageal-fistula-(tef)-occur-and-between-which-structures-is-it-found?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1431463256-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>How does tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) occur and between which structures is it found?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-1431463256-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1431463256-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>TEF is an abnormal connection between the esophagus (food pipe) and the trachea (windpipe). It is usually congenital and occurs when these two structures fail to separate completely during embryonic development.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-2027407545\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-2027407545-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-which-congenital-anomaly-is-most-commonly-associated-with-tracheoesophageal-fistula?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2027407545-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Which congenital anomaly is most commonly associated with tracheoesophageal fistula?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-2027407545-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2027407545-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>The most common form is TEF associated with esophageal atresia. In this case the esophagus cannot reach the stomach and connects to the trachea through an abnormal opening.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-3471213245\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-3471213245-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-which-symptoms-indicate-tracheoesophageal-fistula-in-newborns?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3471213245-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Which symptoms indicate tracheoesophageal fistula in newborns?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-3471213245-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3471213245-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Coughing during feeding, cyanosis, excessive salivation, abdominal distension, and regurgitation of food are typical symptoms. If untreated, serious respiratory problems may develop.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-2174518983\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-2174518983-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-how-is-tef-diagnosed-after-birth?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2174518983-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>How is TEF diagnosed after birth?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-2174518983-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2174518983-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>If the nasogastric tube inserted through the nose cannot reach the stomach, TEF is suspected. The diagnosis is confirmed with chest radiography and contrast esophagography.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-1265873569\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-1265873569-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-when-and-how-is-tracheoesophageal-fistula-surgery-performed?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1265873569-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>When and how is tracheoesophageal fistula surgery performed?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-1265873569-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1265873569-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Surgery is usually performed within the first days after diagnosis. The fistula is closed and if present the atretic ends of the esophagus are joined together. After successful surgery babies may regain normal feeding functions.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-971481669\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-971481669-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-what-are-the-most-common-complications-after-tef-surgery?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-971481669-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>What are the most common complications after TEF surgery?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-971481669-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-971481669-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Anastomotic leakage, narrowing (stenosis), gastroesophageal reflux, and respiratory infections are the most common complications. Therefore long-term follow-up is required.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-596024591\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-596024591-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-can-tracheoesophageal-fistula-develop-later-in-life?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-596024591-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Can tracheoesophageal fistula develop later in life?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-596024591-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-596024591-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Yes, rarely acquired TEF may develop due to trauma, surgical complications, prolonged intubation, or malignancy. In such cases surgical treatment is also required.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-2595493737\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-2595493737-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-how-should-babies-with-tef-be-supported-nutritionally?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-2595493737-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>How should babies with TEF be supported nutritionally?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-2595493737-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-2595493737-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Before surgery oral feeding is usually not allowed; nutrition is provided intravenously or through gastrostomy. After surgery feeding gradually transitions to oral intake.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-1958938883\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-1958938883-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-why-is-long-term-follow-up-important-in-children-with-tracheoesophageal-fistula?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1958938883-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Why is long-term follow-up important in children with tracheoesophageal fistula?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-1958938883-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1958938883-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Long-term problems such as reflux, swallowing difficulty, respiratory problems, and growth retardation may occur. Therefore multidisciplinary follow-up is important.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-1970565120\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-1970565120-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-how-is-quality-of-life-affected-after-tef-and-what-should-patients-pay-attention-to?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-1970565120-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>How is quality of life affected after TEF and what should patients pay attention to?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-1970565120-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-1970565120-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>After successful treatment children can usually live a normal life. However attention should be paid to reflux, respiratory infections, and swallowing problems, and regular check-ups should not be neglected.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-839583742\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-839583742-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-how-long-does-tracheoesophageal-fistula-treatment-take?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-839583742-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>How Long Does Tracheoesophageal Fistula Treatment Take?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-839583742-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-839583742-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Tracheoesophageal fistula treatment is usually performed with surgery and the duration of the operation may vary between 2\u20134 hours.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-133796085\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-133796085-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-which-department-or-doctor-should-be-consulted-for-tracheoesophageal-fistulas?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-133796085-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>Which Department or Doctor Should Be Consulted for Tracheoesophageal Fistulas?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-133796085-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-133796085-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Tracheoesophageal fistulas are serious conditions requiring a multidisciplinary approach for diagnosis and treatment. For this disease one should first consult the Thoracic Surgery or General Surgery departments.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-3774833857\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-3774833857-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-what-is-esophageal-atresia-and-tracheoesophageal-fistula?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3774833857-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>What is esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-3774833857-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3774833857-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>Esophageal atresia is the congenital closure or interruption of the esophagus. Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea. These two conditions are often seen together and require diagnosis immediately after birth.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-3227764887\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-3227764887-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-what-are-the-types-of-tracheoesophageal-fistula?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3227764887-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>What are the types of tracheoesophageal fistula?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-3227764887-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3227764887-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>In the most common type the upper esophagus is closed and the lower esophagus is connected to the trachea. More rarely both ends may be closed, only a fistula may exist, or a fistula may accompany both ends being open. The types determine surgical planning.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t<div id=\"accordion-3259112733\" class=\"accordion-item\">\n\t\t<a id=\"accordion-3259112733-label\" class=\"accordion-title plain\" href=\"#accordion-item-what-are-the-symptoms-of-tracheoesophageal-fistula-in-a-baby?\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-3259112733-content\">\n\t\t\t<button class=\"toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle\"><i class=\"icon-angle-down\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/button>\n\t\t\t<span>What are the symptoms of tracheoesophageal fistula in a baby?<\/span>\n\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div id=\"accordion-3259112733-content\" class=\"accordion-inner\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-3259112733-label\">\n\t\t\t\n<p>In babies coughing during feeding, cyanosis, shortness of breath, and foamy saliva from the mouth are frequently observed. Recurrent pneumonia and failure to gain weight are also important symptoms. Early diagnosis is life-saving.<\/p>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#col-1018117431 > .col-inner {\n  margin: 0px 0px -40px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\n<style>\n#section_1391713391 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n  padding-bottom: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t<div id=\"gap-1671255229\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1671255229 {\n  padding-top: 45px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1191,"parent":1086,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-blank.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1192","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1192","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1192"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1192\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1217,"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1192\/revisions\/1217"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1086"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1191"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dralperfindikcioglu.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1192"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}